Prestressed cylindrical tanks are commonly utilized to store the large volume of water or other various fluids. The prestressed water tanks are used as a part of the fire-fighting system or water refinery process. In this article, the seismic responses of the prestressed concrete cylindrical tanks are investigated under earthquake inputs. A series of dynamic-explicit analyses are performed to study water sloshing phenomena effects on the prestressed concrete tank behavior using ABAQUS software. A shaking table test program is conducted to validate the numerical analysis. A cylindrical prestressed concrete tank was constructed and subjected to several seismic records. In addition, the numerical analysis capability to simulate the sloshing waves is verified using other research results. Several numerical models are prepared with different radius to water height ratios (R/H). The recorded El-Centro and Tabas accelerations are employed as seismic excitations in the numerical models. Comparisons of the experimental and numerical results demonstrate a reasonable agreement between them. The numerical analysis results demonstrates that the Arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian analysis method has a considerable capability to simulate the water sloshing. The seismic excitation effect on the tendons prestress loss is negligible in the investigated numerical models.

A B S T R A C T Temperature is one of the climate elements that has fluctuated a lot over time. When these fluctuations increase and decrease more than normal and are placed in the upper and lower regions of the statistical distribution, if continued, it can lead to the creation of heating and cooling waves. The purpose of this study is to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in heating and cooling waves in Iran during a period of 50 years. For this purpose, the temperature of 663 synoptic stations from 1962 to 2004 was obtained from the Esfazari database. Then, in order to complete this database, the daily temperature from 2004 to 2011 was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country and added to the aforementioned database. In order to perform calculations and draw maps, Matlab, grads and Surfer software have been used. The results of this study showed that the index of cooling waves and heating waves, while having a direct effect on each other, had an increasing trend in most of the area of Iran. The statistical distribution of the index of cooling waves is more heterogeneous than that of the index of heating waves. So that the spatial variation coefficient for cold waves is 84.22%. Also, the index of cooling waves has more spatial variability. The highest common diffraction of the index of heating and cooling waves has been seen in the northwest, east and along the Zagros mountains. Analysis of the indexes trends show that heat waves have intensified in 65.8% of Iran and the intensity of cold waves has decreased in 48.5% of Iran Extended Abstract Introduction Temperature is one of the major climatic variables, which it has a direct impact on different aspects of human life. It plays an essential role in the growth of crops and is considered a key driver of the biological system(Reicosky et al, 1988). It is associated with several types of extremes, for example, heat and cold waves which caused human societies maximum damage. Past occurrences of heat waves hitherto had significant impacts on several aspects of society. Have increased Mortality and morbidity. Ecosystems can be affected, as well as increased pressure on infrastructures that support society, such as water, transportation, and energy(Dewce, 2016). The long-term change of extreme temperatures has a key role in climatic change. The form of statistical distribution and the variability of mean values and also extreme event indicate a change in the region. It can be a small relative change in the mean as a result of a large change in the probability of extreme occurrence. Also, the variation in temperature data variance is significantly more important than the mean, for assessing the extreme occurrence of climate(Toreti and Desiato, 2008). The average surface temperature has increased the world between 0.56 and 0.92 ° C over the past 100 years(IPCC, 2007). Meanwhile, it was in the Middle East, the average daily temperature increased by 0.4-0.5 ° C in decades(Kostopoulou et al, 2014; Tanarhte et al, 2012). Considering that not many studies have been done in the field of spatio-temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves thresholds in Iran, in this study, the spatio-temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves thresholds in Iran during 50 years were examined and analyzed.   Methodology The daily temperature from the beginning of the year 21/03/1967 to 19/05/2005 was obtained from the Esfazari database prepared by Dr. Masoudian at the University of Isfahan. In order to increase the time resolution of the mentioned database, the daily temperature of observations from 05/21/2005 to 05/12/2012 has been added to the mentioned database using the same method, and the exact spatial resolution (15 x 15 km) is used as a database. Threshold indices of heating waves are the average numbers between the 95th and 99th percentiles, that is, the extreme hot threshold to the limit of excessively extreme hot. For extreme cool, from the 5th percentile down to zero is used. Of course, a condition was added to these thresholds, which is that these thresholds must be repeated two days in a row. These thresholds were extracted for each day in the 50 years of the study period and used as the original database. In order to analyze the relationship between cooling and heating waves, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used and regression was used to analyze the trend.   Results and discussion The average of cold waves was 5.26 ° C and for the heat waves is 30.20° C. Generally, if the temperature is upper or lower than this threshold, it is considered as hot or cold temperatures. A comparison of the median, mode, and average of cold waves with heat waves shows that the distribution is more heterogeneous for cold waves and its CV is 84.22%. In southern Iran, the average threshold heat waves are higher. This situation can be caused by the effects of subtropical high-pressure radiation, low latitude, and proximity to the sea. Though the threshold is higher in these areas, fewer fluctuations and changes are seen in the area. Heights moderate the temperature so they pose a minimum threshold for heat waves i.e. an iso-threshold of 25 ° C is consistent along the Zagros mountain chains, but in the west and east of Zagros Mountains, the threshold of heat waves is increased. Heat waves have increased in most areas of the country. So nearly 85 percent of the Iran has been an increasing trend, of which 65.8 percent is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Still, more areas of the country (60 percent) have a trend between 0.00828 and 0.00161. As can be seen, only 15% of the land area (including the southwest and northwest of the Country) had decreased heat waves. Cold waves, in most parts of the country, have a Positive Trend. However, about 25 percent of the study area's cold waves have a negative trend. they are located in areas higher than Latitude 30°. The largest decline of the wave's trend along the country is highlands. Nowadays, most of the country, has a trend between 0.01494 and 0.00828 ° C, respectively. Conclusion Common changes and effects of heat and cold waves had a direct relationship in many parts of the country. It is remarkable common variance in the East reached 55 percent, according to statistical significance. In some areas of the northwest and southwest, which have been impressive heights, the common variance is 40 percent. This common variance in mountains area has been high values. Investigation of heat waves trend shows that 65.8% of Iran significant positive trend and 7.1% significant negative trend. Also, the cold waves trend has indicated a 48.5% significant positive trend and a 10.8% significant negative trend. Climate change and global warming have changed the frequency and severity of temperature extremes. The present study, by examining the number of warm waves, concluded that the warm waves have increased in magnitude in 65.8% of the Iran zone. Also, the study of the cold waves trend showed that 48.5 percent of Iran had a positive trend, which means that the amount of temperature in the cold waves increased In other words, the severity of the cold has been reduced And only 10.8 percent of Iran had a negative cold wave trend And it shows the intensity of these waves is reduced.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Bridges are potentially one of the most seismically vulnerable structures in the highway system during earthquake. It is known that the seismic performance of transportation systems plays key role for the post earthquake emergency management. Probabilistic seismic demand curves are one of the new methods for study on seismic behavior of structures. The Probabilistic Seismic Demand Curves (PSDC hereafter) is the outcome from a Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis (PSDA) or in other word, from an Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). A PSDC relates ground motion Intensity Measures (IM), such as PGA and PGv, to Engineering Demand Parameters (EDM), such as girder drift ductility. In this paper the probabilistic seismic demand curves are developed. The seismic performance of a railway prestress concrete bridge is assessed using PSDC derived from dynamic nonlinear finite element analysis. Study on nonlinear behavior of prestress girders under vertical motions, study on structural response to various seismic records and reliability of results depend on intensity measures are parts of this research area. A software package provide in MATLAB for study on results. Modeling of the bridge using 3D nonlinear models and modeling of abutments, bearings, effect of falling of girder on its bearings and nonlinear interaction of soil-structure are some of advantages of this research.

The need to retrofitted beam-to-column joints, which are made without observing seismic details, is definitely a live and important issue. Connection damage is reported as one of the most worrying causes of building chain collapse in effective earthquakes. The absence of transverse reinforcement and insufficient bond length of the beam bottom bars in the joint area are still existing seismic weaknesses, which are still the subject of investigation and presentation of a corresponding improvement plan. The strut and tie method based on the knowledge based on the finite element method is a powerful and developable tool in the nonlinear field. In this research, analytical models are presented for the evaluation of reinforced concrete side beam-column joints with seismic, non-seismic and strengthened details based on the method of joint enlargement based on the strut and tie methods. The results of the nonlinear modeling of the strut and tie of retrofitted and un-retrofitted specimen show that this model has the ability to detect the effect of shear reinforcement of the joint area on the shear capacity and activated nonlinear mechanisms, including partial and total slip of the longitudinal beam reinforcements in the joint. Also, the influence of the dimensions of the enlargement of the joint in the design of rehabilitation and deterioration of stiffness and resistance is one of the other capabilities of the proposed equivalent truss-type model.

Given the damages to concrete structures caused by different factors, some materials should be used to repair and strengthen them. In general, cement-based mortars are used to repair concrete structures. The shrinkage and inappropriate compaction of repair mortars can reduce the bond strength between mortar and concrete substrate. the shrinkage is an important problem that has an adverse effect on the adhesion between repair mortar and concrete substrate. The shrinkage can create tensile stress inside mortars, leading to cracking due to their low tensile strength. The mortar-substrate interface is of great importance since the improper compaction can create fine pores and lower the bond strength. The suitable compaction of repair mortar while applying it on the concrete substrate is an effective factor in increasing the adhesion between the mortar and concrete. The mortar-substrate interface is of great importance since the improper compaction can create fine pores and lower the bond strength. Therefore, in this study, different prestresses were imposed on repair mortar to evaluate their effects on the shear and tensile bond strength between repair mortar and concrete substrate using friction-transfer and pull-off tests. The role of curing in reducing the shrinkage of mortars was also evaluated. The semi-destructive friction-transfer and pull-off tests were then used to assess the in-situ compressive strength of cement-based mortars. By calculating the correlation coefficient and plotting the calibration curves, relationships were provided to convert the measurements obtained from the semi-destructive tests to the compressive strength of the mortars. Eventually, the cracks and stresses that appeared in the specimens were presented using finite element ABAQUS software. The obtained results indicated the effect of prestress on increasing the shear and tensile bond strength between the concrete substrate and repair layers. Moreover, a high correlation coefficient was found between the measurements of the in-situ and laboratory tests. A good agreement was also observed between the finite element modeling and the experimental results. In some researches, friction transfer and pull-off tests have been used to compare the compressive strength of fiber-reinforced mortars and polymer-modified mortars with the results of the above tests, which has resulted in a very high correlation coefficient between the results. Imposing a prestress of 0. 5 kg/cm2 resulted in an increase of 30. 1% and 31. 4%, respectively, in the shear and tensile bond strength between the repair mortar and the concrete substrate at the age of 90 days. Imposing a prestress of 0. 1 kg/cm2 resulted in an increase by 7. 5% and 5. 8%, respectively, in the shear and tensile bond strength between the repair mortar and the concrete substrate at the age of 90 days. Keeping the specimen in the free space resulted in 64% more shrinkage compared to the one cured in water. The friction-transfer and pull-off test results had a correlation coefficient of more than 0. 98 with the repair mortar's compressive strength. Therefore, these tests can be used to evaluate the in-situ compressive strength of mortars. The compressive strength of repair mortar can be calculated by substituting x for the friction-transfer and pull-off test results, respectively, in the equations y=10x-0. 805 and y=17. 32x+1. 83.

This study has been conducted to investigate the ability of prestressed concrete slabs against explosion with passive defense objectives by the structural method. In this research, one-way and two-way concrete slabs have been modeled with Abaqus finite element software. The dynamic analysis has been performed by the explicit step-by-step time history method. The non-linear plastic failure model has been used for the concrete behavior, whilst a linear model has been used for the steel and prestressed tendons. Explosive loading has been applied to the slab samples experimentally using the CONWEP model and free boundary conditions have been defined for the edges of the studied slabs. The results of the finite element model shows that the maximum stress in prestressed concrete reaches three times the stress experienced in the reinforced concrete. Also, prestressing the slab reduces the maximum deformation by about 3 cm compared to the reinforced concrete slab. The results show that the behavior of concrete against explosion is remarkably improved by prestressing. However, the optimal amount of prestressing and the distance of the tendons required to improve the slab behavior against explosion, can be calculated through more modeling. It can be said with certainty that prestressing is a good way to improve the behavior of slabs against explosion in explosion-proof defensive fortifications. The results show that the effect of slab geometry, whether it is one-way or two-way and the location of the explosion, affect the values of stress and deflection due to the explosive load.

Morphological and ecological variations and inter-specific relationships of a red algal genus, Hypnea were investigated in 15 populations belong to 5 species from Oman Sea coasts. In this study, cluster analyses, principal component analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis were done. Statistical analyses indicated that characters such as special branches or branchlets, position of tetrasporange and algae habit are the most important diagnostic characters in intera-genus variation. In general two major clusters were formed. The first major cluster comprised H. boergesenii. Second major cluster contains two subclusters. The first subcluster comprised of H. charoides, H. valentiae and H. musciformis. The second subcluster comprised of H. pannosa. Results showed that variation in the cluster one was explained by average of annual salinity and morphological variation and in cluster two was related to average of annual PH, water temperature and impurities.

We give a new proof of Glauberman's ZJ Theorem, in a form that clari, es the choices involved and off, ers more choices than classical treatments. In particular, we introduce two new ZJ-type subgroups of a p-group S, that contain ZJr(S) and ZJo(S) respectively and can be strictly larger.

Background/Objective: It is important to keep the spleen with the help of imaging in today world. We can see variations like asplenia, polysplenia (2 -16 pieces) at MRI. Normal spleen has a size up to 1cm and less than that is asplenia or atrophy of spleen. It is common to see large vessels anomalies. We can evaluate it after spleen surgical removal, also spleno-sis, and accessory spleen. The aim of this presentation is to report variations of spleen site on CT. Patients and Methods: All the 3000 cases had sono-graphy report or CT. Some of them had MRI report. All the patients received oral or intravenous contrast media. Results: Among 3000 CT, there were 240 cases of ac-cessory spleen, two cases of poly spleen, one case of pelvic spleen, 90 cases of spleen metastasis which were mostly lymphoma, 25 cases of Hydatid cyst, three cases of simple cysts, three cases of small spleen (1-6 cm), two cases of huge splenomegaly, 14 cases of spleen calcifications, 15 cases of accessory spleen which in one case it was more than 3.5cm. There were five cases with spleen measured 8 -12 cm in di-ameter which were after splenectomy due to Thalas-semia major and it was as a result of enlargement of accessory spleen which was not diagnosed, also two cases of multi- accessory spleen were found. Other complications of spleen were five cases of abscess and infections, 12 cases of spleen infarction, 36 cases of spleen rupture, two cases of cavernous hemangioma and one case of capillary hemangioma. Conclusion:1-Sonography had better accuracy in the case of internal texture, tumors and cysts in compari-son with CT. 2-CT had better accuracy than sonogra-phy at calcification, an splenic surroundings, spleen infarction and splenic vessels investigation. 3-CT is mandatory for major thalassemia and the ones who must go under splenectomy. Also CT is necessary for revealing accessory spleen which may be missed at sonography. 4- For finding pelvic spleen CT, CTA and MRI are possible but sonography and doppler are difficult. 5-RN Scan has the minimum role at spleen imaging.

Language is the heart of culture in such an extent that any cultural variation has a direct relation with its linguistic variations. In this respect, finding the mechanisms of linguistic variations in parallel with the cultural variations is very important because it influences all over the country's cultural programming and policies. In other words linguistic programming and strategies are directly related to the cultural programming and strategies on the other hand, the language variations are directly related to development and cultural progress of any country. The existing relation between culture and development is too obvious to be mentioned and under the light of this, the relation between language and development must be obvious too. To give a systematic and holistic understanding of these relations is the main aim of this article, in other words, growing and development of a country must be viewed through its language perspective. Language development, acts as the most important step toward a local development. Because language is the most important element for social communications and also because local development has no meaning without considering local communications therefore:" it would be impossible to have a development without having its linguistic developments fixed as a prerequisite and any development strategies that excludes linguistic development and its related strategies is condemned to be failed" and this phrase may be also justified through a study of existing relations between language and society and/or social variations that is the main subject of this article.